JNTUK B.Tech 4-2 R16 Civil Materials: Students Can Download JNTUK 4-2 Civil Engineering R16 Regulation Materials/ E Note Books / Text Books Subject Wise From Below.

JNTUK B.Tech 4-2 Sem R16 Civil Materials Subject Wise PDF

Students of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada can avail of B.Tech 4-2 can avail of the materials for R16 regulation for various branches. Students can download JNTUK B.Tech 4-2 Sem R16 Civil Materials Subject Wise PDF from the links provided here. By tapping on the link, one can download materials for JNTUK 4-2 Sem Civil R16. The electronics and communication engineering Students can download the subject-wise materials PDFs collected from various sources. By referring to the materials one can gain knowledge to clear the exams with a good score. The course materials include Estimation Specification & Contracts, Construction Technology & Management, Prestressed Concrete and various other Civil related books of various popular authors. Check the following B.Tech R16 Civil 4-2 Materials PDFs and download them for free. 

JNTUK B.Tech 4-2 Sem R16 Civil Course Structure:

Also Check: JNTUK 4-2 Sem R16 Civil Syllabus

Download JNTUK 4-2 R16 Civil Materials PDF

Students who are pursuing the B.Tech 4-2 Civil R16 Regulation can check the text books, reference books, and e-resourses provided here for free. Students can get the complete chapter-wise information from their respective text books. And from the following information from the e-resourses, text books from the familer authors will provide the extra knowledge and understanding of each subject. Hence ts helps to score good in exams. Here we have collaboratively given the best JNTUK 4-2 R16 Civil materials at one place for the reference of students.

Estimation Specification & Contracts Material

Construction Technology & Management Material

Prestressed Concrete Material

Elective III

i. Bridge Engineering Material

ii. Soil Dynamics and Foundations Material

iii. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Material

iv. Water Resources Systems Planning Material

v. Urban Transportation Planning Engg Material

JNTUK R16 4-2 Wireless Sensors & Networks Material/Notes PDF Download

Students those who are studying JNTUK R16 Civil Branch, Can Download Unit wise R16 4-2 Wireless Sensors & Networks (WSN) Material/Notes PDFs below.

JNTUK R16 4-2 Wireless Sensors & Networks Material/Notes PDF Download

UNIT-1

OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: Key definitions of sensor networks, Advantages of sensor Networks, Unique constraints an challenges, Driving Applications, Enabling Technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks. ARCHITECTURES: Single-Node Architecture – Hardware Components, Energy Consumption of Sensor Nodes, Operating Systems and Execution Environments, Network Architecture -Sensor Network Scenarios, Optimization Goals and Figures of Merit, Gateway Concepts.

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UNIT-2

NETWORKING Technologies: Physical Layer and Transceiver Design Considerations, Personal area networks (PANs), hidden node and exposed node problem, Topologies of PANs, MANETs, WANETs.

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UNIT-3

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues in Designing a MAC protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Design goals of a MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Classifications of MAC Protocols, Contention – Based Protocols, Contention – Based Protocols with reservation Mechanisms, Contention – Based MAC Protocols with Scheduling Mechanisms, MAC Protocols that use Directional Antennas, Other MAC Protocols.

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UNIT-4

ROUTING PROTOCOLS: Introduction, Issues in Designing a Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Classification of Routing Protocols, Table –Driven Routing Protocols, On – Demand Routing Protocols, Hybrid Routing Protocols, Routing Protocols with Efficient Flooding Mechanisms, Hierarchical Routing Protocols, Power – Aware Routing Protocols, Proactive Routing

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UNIT-5

TRANSPORT LAYER AND SECURITY PROTOCOLS: Introduction, Issues in Designing a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Design Goals of a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Classification of Transport Layer Solutions, TCP Over Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Other Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,

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UNIT-6

SECURITY IN WSNs: Security in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Network Security Requirements, Issues and Challenges in Security Provisioning, Network Security Attacks, Key Management, Secure Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. SENSOR NETWORK PLATFORMS AND TOOLS: Sensor Node Hardware – Berkeley Motes, Programming Challenges, Node-level software platforms, Node-level Simulators, State-centric programming. APPLICATIONS of WSN: S Ultra wide band radio communication, Wireless fidelity systems. Future directions, Home automation, smart metering Applications

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols – C. Siva Ram Murthy and B.S.Manoj, 2004, PHI
2. Wireless Ad- hoc and Sensor Networks: Protocols, Performance and Control – Jagannathan Sarangapani, CRC Press
3. Holger Karl & Andreas Willig, “Protocols And Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks”, John Wiley, 2005.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, & Taieb Znati, “Wireless Sensor Networks- Technology, Protocols, and Applications”, John Wiley, 2007.
2. Feng Zhao & Leonidas J. Guibas, “Wireless Sensor Networks- An Information Processing Approach”, Elsevier, 2007.
3. Ad- Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols & Systems, C.K. Toh ,1 ed. Pearson Education.
4. Wireless Sensor Networks – C. S. Raghavendra, Krishna M. Sivalingam, 2004, Springer
5. Wireless Sensor Networks – S Anandamurugan , Lakshmi Publications

JNTUK R16 4-2 Operating Systems Material/Notes PDF Download

Students those who are studying JNTUK R16 ECE Branch, Can Download Unit wise R16 4-2 Operating Systems (OS) Material/Notes PDFs below.

JNTUK R16 4-2 Operating Systems Material/Notes PDF Download

OBJECTIVES:

• Study the basic concepts and functions of operating systems.
• Understand the structure and functions of OS.
• Learn about Processes, Threads and Scheduling algorithms.
• Understand the principles of concurrency and Deadlocks.
• Learn various memory management schemes.
• Study I/O management and File systems.
• Learn the basics of Linux system and perform administrative tasks on Linux Servers.

UNIT-1

Introduction to Operating System Concept: Types of operating systems, operating systems concepts, operating systems services, Introduction to System call, System call types.

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UNIT-2

Process Management – Process concept, The process, Process State Diagram, Process control block, Process Scheduling- Scheduling Queues, Schedulers, Operations on Processes, Interprocess Communication, Threading Issues, Scheduling-Basic Concepts, Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms.

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UNIT-3

Memory Management: Swapping, Contiguous Memory Allocation, Paging, structure of the Page Table, Segmentation Virtual Memory Management: Virtual Memory, Demand Paging, Page-Replacement Algorithms, Thrashing

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UNIT-4

Concurrency: ProcessSynchronization, The Critical- Section Problem, Synchronization Hardware, Semaphores, Classic Problems of Synchronization, Monitors, Synchronization examples Principles of deadlock – System Model, Deadlock Characterization, Deadlock Prevention, Detection and Avoidance, Recovery form Deadlock

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UNIT-5

File system Interface- the concept of a file, Access Methods, Directory structure, File system mounting, file sharing, protection. File System implementation- File system structure, allocation methods, free-space management Mass-storage structure overview of Mass-storage structure, Disk scheduling, Device drivers,

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UNIT-6

Linux System: Components of LINUX, Interprocess Communication, Synchronisation, Interrupt, Exception and System Call. Android Software Platform: Android Architecture, Operating System Services, Android Runtime Application Development, Application Structure, Application Process management

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Operating System Concepts, Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin and Greg Gagne 9th Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2012.
2. Operating Systems – Internals and Design Principles, William Stallings, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2011.
3. Operating Systems-S Halder, Alex A Aravind Pearson Education Second Edition 2016

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Modern Operating Systems, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Second Edition, Addison Wesley, 2001.
2. Operating Systems: A Design-Oriented Approach, Charles Crowley, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education”, 1996.
3. Operating Systems: A Concept-Based Approach, D M Dhamdhere, Second Edition, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Education, 2007.

OUTCOMES:

• Design various Scheduling algorithms.
• Apply the principles of concurrency.
• Design deadlock, prevention and avoidance algorithms.
• Compare and contrast various memory management schemes.
• Design and Implement a prototype file systems.
• Perform administrative tasks on Linux Servers
• Introduction to Android Operating System Internals

JNTUK R16 4-2 Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation Material PDF Download

Students those who are studying JNTUK R16 ECE Branch, Can Download Unit wise R16 4-2 Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation (EMI) Material/Notes PDFs below.

JNTUK R16 4-2 Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation Material PDF Download

UNIT-1

Performance characteristics of instruments, Static characteristics, Accuracy, Resolution, Precision, Expected value, Error, Sensitivity. Errors in Measurement, Dynamic Characteristics-speed of response, Fidelity, Lag and Dynamic error. DC Voltmeters- Multi-range, Range extension/Solid state and differential voltmeters, AC voltmeters- multi range, range extension, shunt. Thermocouple type RF ammeter, Ohmmeters series type, shunt type, Multi-meter for Voltage, Current and resistance measurements.

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UNIT-2

Signal Generator- fixed and variable, AF oscillators, Standard and AF sine and square wave signal generators, Function Generators, Square pulse, Random noise, sweep, Arbitrary waveform. Wave Analyzers, Harmonic Distortion Analyzers, Spectrum Analyzers, Digital Fourier Analyzers.

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UNIT-3

Oscilloscopes CRT features, vertical amplifiers, horizontal deflection system, sweep, trigger pulse, delay line, sync selector circuits, simple CRO, triggered sweep CRO, Dual beam CRO, . Dual trace oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope, storage oscilloscope, digital readout oscilloscope, digital storage oscilloscope, Lissajous method of frequency measurement, standard specifications of CRO, probes for CRO- Active & Passive, attenuator type.

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UNIT-4

AC Bridges Measurement of inductance- Maxwell’s bridge, Anderson bridge. Measurement of capacitance – Schearing Bridge. Wheat stone bridge. Wien Bridge, Errors and precautions in using bridges. Q-meter.

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UNIT-5

Transducers- active & passive transducers : Resistance, Capacitance, inductance; Strain gauges, LVDT, Piezo Electric transducers, Resistance Thermometers, Thermocouples, Thermistors, Sensistors.

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UNIT-6

Measurement of physical parameters force, pressure, velocity, humidity, moisture, speed, proximity and displacement. Data acquisition systems.

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Electronic instrumentation, second edition – H.S.Kalsi, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004.
2. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques – A.D. Helfrick and W.D. Cooper, PHI, 5th Edition, 2002.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Electronic Instrumentation & Measurements – David A. Bell, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2003.
2. Electronic Test Instruments, Analog and Digital Measurements – Robert A.Witte, Pearson Education, 2nd Ed., 2004.
3. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentations by K. Lal Kishore, Pearson Education – 2005

OUTCOMES:

• Select the instrument to be used based on the requirements.
• Understand and analyze different signal generators and analyzers.
• Understand the design of oscilloscopes for different applications.
• Design different transducers for measurement of different parameters

JNTUK R16 4-2 Cellular Mobile Communications Material PDF Download

Students those who are studying JNTUK R16 ECE Branch, Can Download Unit wise R16 4-2 Cellular Mobile Communications (CMC) Material/Notes PDFs below.

JNTUK R16 4-2 Cellular Mobile Communications Material PDF Download

OBJECTIVES:

• Understand the basic cellular concepts like frequency reuse, cell splitting, cell sectoring etc., and various cellular systems.
• Understand the different types of interference s influencing cellular and mobile communications.
• Understand the frequency management, channel assignment and various propagation effects in cellular environment.
• Understand the different types antennas used at cell site and mobile.
• Understand the concepts of handoff and types of handoffs.
• Understand the architectures of GSM and 3G cellular systems.

UNIT-1

CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS: Introduction to Cellular Mobile System, uniqueness of mobile radio environment, operation of cellular systems, consideration of the components of Cellular system, Hexagonal shaped cells, Analog and Digital Cellular systems. CELLULAR CONCEPTS: Evolution of Cellular systems, Concept of frequency reuse, frequency reuse ratio, Number of channels in a cellular system, Cellular traffic: trunking and blocking, Grade of Service; Cellular structures: macro, micro, pico and femto cells; Cell splitting, Cell sectoring.

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UNIT-2

INTERFERENCE: Types of interferences, Introduction to Co-Channel Interference, real time Co-Channel interference, Co-Channel measurement, Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor, desired C/I from a normal case in a omni directional Antenna system, design of Antenna system, antenna parameters and their effects, diversity receiver, non-cochannel interference-different types.

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UNIT-3

FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT: Numbering and grouping, setup access and paging channels, channel assignments to cell sites and mobile units: fixed channel and non-fixed channel assignment, channel sharing and borrowing, overlaid cells. CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC: Signal reflections in flat and hilly terrain, effect of human made structures, phase difference between direct and reflected paths, straight line path loss slope, general formula for mobile propagation over water and flat open area, near and long distance propagation, antenna height gain, form of a point to point model.

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UNIT-4

CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS: Sum and difference patterns and their synthesis, omni directional antennas, directional antennas for interference reduction, space diversity antennas, umbrella pattern antennas, minimum separation of cell site antennas, high gain antennas.

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UNIT-5

HANDOFF STRATEGIES Concept of Handoff, types of handoff, handoff initiation, delaying handoff, forced handoff, mobile assigned handoff, intersystem handoff, vehicle locating methods, dropped call rates and their evaluation.

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UNIT-6

DIGITAL CELLULAR NETWORKS: GSM architecture, GSM channels, multiple access schemes; TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA; architecture of 3G cellular systems.

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Mobile Cellular Telecommunications – W.C.Y. Lee, Tata McGraw Hill, 2rd Edn., 2006.
2. Principles of Mobile Communications – Gordon L. Stuber, Springer International 2nd Edition, 2007.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Wireless Communications – Theodore. S. Rapport, Pearson education, 2nd Edn., 2002.
2. Wireless and Mobile Communications – Lee McGraw Hills, 3rd Edition, 2006. 3. Mobile Cellular Communication – G Sasibhushana Rao Pearson
3. Wireless Communication and Networking – Jon W. Mark and Weihua Zhqung, PHI, 2005.
4. Wireless Communication Technology – R. Blake, Thompson Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2004.

OUTCOMES:

• Identify the limitations of conventional mobile telephone systems; understand the concepts of cellular systems.
• Understand the frequency management, channel assignment strategies and antennas in cellular systems.
• Understand the concepts of handoff and architectures of various cellular systems

JNTUK R16 4-2 Satellite Communications Material PDF Download

Students those who are studying JNTUK R16 ECE Branch, Can Download Unit wise R16 4-2 Satellite Communications Material/Notes PDFs below.

JNTUK R16 4-2 Satellite Communications Material PDF Download

OBJECTIVES:

• Understand the basic concepts, applications, frequencies used and types of satellite communications.
• Understand the concept of look angles, launches and launch vehicles and orbital effects in satellite communications.
• Understand the various satellite subsystems and its functionality.
• Understand the concepts of satellite link design and calculation of C/N ratio.
• Understand the concepts of multiple access and various types of multiple access techniques in satellite systems.
• Understand the concepts of satellite navigation, architecture and applications of GPS.

UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION : Origin of Satellite Communications, Historical Back-ground, Basic Concepts of Satellite Communications, Frequency allocations for Satellite Services, Applications, Future Trends of Satellite Communications.

ORBITAL MECHANICS AND LAUNCHERS : Orbital Mechanics, Look Angle determination, Orbital perturbations, Orbit determination, launches and launch vehicles, Orbital effects in communication systems performance.

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UNIT-2

SATELLITE SUBSYSTEMS : Attitude and orbit control system, telemetry, tracking, Command and monitoring, power systems, communication subsystems, Satellite antenna Equipment reliability and Space qualification.

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UNIT-3

SATELLITE LINK DESIGN : Basic transmission theory, system noise temperature and G/T ratio, Design of down links, up link design, Design of satellite links for specified C/N, System design example.

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UNIT-4

MULTIPLE ACCESS: Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Intermodulation, Calculation of C/N. Time division Multiple Access (TDMA) Frame structure, Examples. Satellite Switched TDMA Onboard processing, DAMA, Code Division Multiple access (CDMA),Spread spectrum transmission and reception.

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UNIT-5

EARTH STATION TECHNOLOGY : Introduction, Transmitters, Receivers, Antennas, Tracking systems, Terrestrial interface, Primary power test methods.

LOW EARTH ORBIT AND GEO-STATIONARY SATELLITE SYSTEMS : Orbit consideration, coverage and frequency considerations, Delay & Throughput considerations, System considerations, Operational NGSO constellation Designs

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UNIT-6

SATELLITE NAVIGATION & THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM: Radio and Satellite Navigation, GPS Position Location principles, GPS Receivers and codes, Satellite signal acquisition, GPS Navigation Message, GPS signal levels, GPS receiver operation, GPS C/A code accuracy, Differential GPS.

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Satellite Communications – Timothy Pratt, Charles Bostian and Jeremy Allnutt, WSE, Wiley Publications, 2nd Edition, 2003.
2. Satellite Communications Engineering – Wilbur L. Pritchard, Robert A Nelson and Henri G.Suyderhoud, 2nd Edition, Pearson Publications, 2003.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Satellite Communications : Design Principles – M. Richharia, BS Publications, 2nd Edition, 2003.
2. Satellite Communication – D.C Agarwal, Khanna Publications, 5th Ed.
3. Fundamentals of Satellite Communications – K.N. Raja Rao, PHI, 2004
4. Satellite Communications – Dennis Roddy, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 1996.

OUTCOMES:

• Understand the concepts, applications and subsystems of Satellite communications.
• Derive the expression for G/T ratio and to solve some analytical problems on satellite link design.
• Understand the various types of multiple access techniques and architecture of earth station design.
• Understand the concepts of GPS and its architecture.

JNTUK B.Tech 4-2 R16 ECE Materials: Students Can Download JNTUK 4-2 ECE R16 Regulation Materials/ E Note Books / Text Books Subject Wise From Below.

JNTUK B.Tech 4-2 Sem R16 ECE Materials Subject Wise PDF

Students of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada can avail of B.Tech 4-2 can avail of the materials for R16 regulation for various branches. Students can download JNTUK B.Tech 4-2 Sem R16 ECE Materials Subject Wise PDF from the links provided here. By tapping on the link, one can download materials for JNTUK 4-2 Sem ECE R16. The electronics and communication engineering Students can download the subject-wise materials PDFs collected from various sources. By referring to the materials one can gain knowledge to clear the exams with a good score. The course materials include Cellular Mobile Communications, Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, Satellite Communications and various other ECE related books of various popular authors. Check the following B.Tech R16 ECE 4-2 Materials PDFs and download them for free. 

JNTUK B.Tech 4-2 Sem R16 ECE Course Structure:

Also Check: JNTUK 4-2 Sem R16 ECE Syllabus

Download JNTUK 4-2 R16 ECE Materials PDF

Students who are pursuing the B.Tech 4-2 ECE R16 Regulation can check the text books, reference books, and e-resourses provided here for free. Students can get the complete chapter-wise information from their respective text books. And from the following information from the e-resourses, text books from the familer authors will provide the extra knowledge and understanding of each subject. Hence ts helps to score good in exams. Here we have collaboratively given the best JNTUK 4-2 R16 ECE materials at one place for the reference of students.

Cellular Mobile Communications Material

Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation Material

Satellite Communications Material

Elective III

i. Wireless sensors & Networks Material

ii. Digital IC Design Material

iii. Operating Systems Material

JNTUK R16 4-2 Artificial Neural Networks Material PDF Download

Students those who are studying JNTUK R16 CSE Branch, Can Download Unit wise R16 4-2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Material/Notes PDFs below.

JNTUK R16 4-2 Artificial Neural Networks Material PDF Download

OBJECTIVES:

• Understand the role of neural networks in engineering, artificial intelligence, and cognitive modeling.
• Provide knowledge of supervised learning in neural networks
• Provide knowledge of computation and dynamical systems using neural networks
• Provide knowledge of reinforcement learning using neural networks.
• Provide knowledge of unsupervised learning using neural networks.
• Provide hands-on experience in selected applications

UNIT-1

Introduction and ANN Structure. Biological neurons and artificial neurons. Model of an ANN. Activation functions used in ANNs. Typical classes of network architectures.

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UNIT-2

Mathematical Foundations and Learning mechanisms.Re-visiting vector and matrix algebra. State-space concepts. Concepts of optimization. Error-correction learning. Memory-based learning. Hebbian learning. Competitive learning.

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UNIT-3

Single layer perceptrons. Structure and learning of perceptrons. Pattern classifier – introduction and Bayes’ classifiers. Perceptron as a pattern classifier. Perceptron convergence. Limitations of a perceptrons.

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UNIT-4

Feed forward ANN. Structures of Multi-layer feed forward networks. Back propagation algorithm. Back propagation – training and convergence. Functional approximation with back propagation. Practical and design issues of back propagation learning.

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UNIT-5

Radial Basis Function Networks. Pattern separability and interpolation. Regularization Theory. Regularization and RBF networks.RBF network design and training. Approximation properties of RBF.

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UNIT-6

Support Vector machines. Linear separability and optimal hyperplane.Determination of optimal hyperplane. Optimal hyperplane for nonseparable patterns.Design of an SVM.Examples of SVM.

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Simon Haykin, “Neural Networks: A comprehensive foundation”, Second Edition, Pearson Education Asia.
2. Satish Kumar, “Neural Networks: A classroom approach”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Robert J. Schalkoff, “Artificial Neural Networks”, McGraw-Hill International Editions, 1997.

OUTCOMES:

• This course has been designed to offer as a graduate-level/ final year undergraduate level elective subject to the students of any branch of engineering/ science, having basic foundations of matrix algebra, calculus and preferably (not essential) with a basic knowledge of optimization.
• Students and researchers desirous of working on pattern recognition and classification, regression and interpolation from sparse observations; control and optimization are expected to find this course useful. The course covers theories and usage of artificial neural networks (ANN) for problems pertaining to classification (supervised/ unsupervised) and regression.
• The course starts with some mathematical foundations and the structures of artificial neurons, which mimics biological neurons in a grossly scaled down version. It offers mathematical basis of learning mechanisms through ANN. The course introduces perceptrons, discusses its capabilities and limitations as a pattern classifier and later develops concepts of multilayer perceptrons with back propagation learning.

JNTUK R16 4-2 Operations Research Material/Notes PDF Download

Students those who are studying JNTUK R16 CSE Branch, Can Download Unit wise R16 4-2 Operations Research (OR) Material/Notes PDFs below.

JNTUK R16 4-2 Operations Research Material/Notes PDF Download

OBJECTIVES:

• Identify and develop operational research models from the verbal description of the real system.
• Understand the mathematical tools that are needed to solve optimisation problems.
• Use mathematical software to solve the proposed models.
• Develop a report that describes the model and the solving technique, analyse the results and propose recommendations in language understandable to the decision-making processes in Management Engineering

UNIT-1

Introduction to Operations Research: Basics definition, scope, objectives, phases, models and limitations of Operations Research. Linear Programming Problem – Formulation of LPP, Graphical solution of LPP. Simplex Method, Artificial variables, big-M method, two-phase method, degeneracy and unbound solutions.

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UNIT-2

Transportation Problem. Formulation, solution, unbalanced Transportation problem. Finding basic feasible solutions – Northwest corner rule, least cost method and Vogel’s approximation method. Optimality test: the stepping stone method and MODI method

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UNIT-3

Assignment model. Formulation. Hungarian method for optimal solution. Solving unbalanced problem. Traveling salesman problem and assignment problem Sequencing models. Solution of Sequencing Problem – Processing n Jobs through 2 Machines – Processing n Jobs through 3 Machines – Processing 2 Jobs through m machines – Processing n Jobs through m Machines

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UNIT-4

Dynamic programming. Characteristics of dynamic programming. Dynamic programming approach for Priority Management employment smoothening, capital budgeting, Stage Coach/Shortest Path, cargo loading and Reliability problems Games Theory. Competitive games, rectangular game, saddle point, minimax (maximin) method of optimal strategies, value of the game. Solution of games with saddle points, dominance principle. Rectangular games without saddle point – mixed strategy for 2 X 2 games

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UNIT-5

Replacement Models. Replacement of Items that Deteriorate whose maintenance costs increase with time without change in the money value. Replacement of items that fail suddenly: individual replacement policy, group replacement policy

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UNIT-6:

Inventory models. Inventory costs. Models with deterministic demand – model (a) demand rate uniform and production rate infinite, model (b) demand rate non-uniform and production rate infinite, model (c) demand rate uniform and production rate finite.

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. P. Sankara Iyer,”Operations Research”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008.
2. A.M. Natarajan, P. Balasubramani, A. Tamilarasi, “Operations Research”, Pearson Education, 2005.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. J K Sharma. “Operations Research Theory & Applications, 3e”, Macmillan India Ltd, 2007.
2. P. K. Gupta and D. S. Hira, “Operations Research”, S. Chand & co., 2007.
3. J K Sharma., “Operations Research, Problems and Solutions, 3e”, Macmillan India Ltd
4. N.V.S. Raju, “Operations Research”, HI-TECH, 2002

OUTCOMES:

• Methodology of Operations Research.
• Linear programming: solving methods, duality, and sensitivity analysis.
• Integer Programming.
• Network flows.
• Multi-criteria decision techniques.
• Decision making under uncertainty and risk.
• Game theory. Dynamic programming.